Formulation of cosmic-ray solar daily variation and its seasonal variation, produced from generalized stationary anisotropy of solar origin

In previous papers, a formulation was presented of cosmic ray daily variations produced from solar anisotropies stationary through a year, and also of their annual (or seasonal) modulation caused by the annual variation of the rotation axis of the Earth relative to that of the Sun. These anisotropies are symmetric for an arbitrary rotation around an axis. From observations of the tri-diurnal variation, it has been suggested that solar anisotropies also contain some axis-asymmetric term of the third order with respect to the IMF-axis. This suggestion has recently found support in a theoretical study by Munakata and Nagashima. According to their results, the terms of axis-asymmetry with respect to IMF-axis appear also in the 2nd order anisotropy, together with some different kinds of axis-symmetric terms. The contribution of these anisotropies to the daily variation is different from that of those discussed previously. The above mentioned formulation is extended to a case of a generalized anisotropy

IMF-sense-dependent cosmic ray anisotropy produced from diffusion-convection in heliosphere

It was demonstrated that an interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) sense dependent 2nd order anisotropy is produced by the diffusion convection of cosmic rays in the heliomagnetosphere. The result implies that the anisotropy cannot be expressed only by the pitch angle with respect to the IMF axis

Soil Liquefaction Potential Evaluation with Use of the Simplified Procedure

A simplified method based on both a liquefaction resistance factor, FL and a liquefaction potential factor, PL has been proposed for evaluating soil liquefaction potential. The factor FL indicates the liquefaction potential at a given depth of a site, and the factor PL indicates the one at a site. The effectiveness of the proposed method is investigated by calculating the factors FL and PL at both liquefied and non-liquefied sites during past typical earthquakes in Japan, and carrying out shaking table tests

Growth of CrSi2 Nanostructures Using CrCl2 Powder on Si Substrates

Chromium disilicide (CrSi2) nanostructures were grown by the exposure of Si (111) substrates to CrCl2 vapor in an argon gas flow at atmospheric pressure without using any metal catalyst. Dependence of the growth condition on the structural property was investigated. Hexagonal-shaped CrSi2 microrods were grown at 750 °C with 0.05 g of CrCl2. As the quantity of CrCl2 increased to 0.1 g, the bundle of CrSi2 nanowires with microrods and web-liked CrSi2 nanostructure with turning angles were grown at 750 °C and 700 °C, respectively. The preliminary discussion on the growth mechanism of CrSi2 micro- and nanostructures was carried out

Internal states of model isotropic granular packings. III. Elastic properties

In this third and final paper of a series, elastic properties of numerically simulated isotropic packings of spherical beads assembled by different procedures and subjected to a varying confining pressure P are investigated. In addition P, which determines the stiffness of contacts by Hertz's law, elastic moduli are chiefly sensitive to the coordination number, the possible values of which are not necessarily correlated with the density. Comparisons of numerical and experimental results for glass beads in the 10kPa-10MPa range reveal similar differences between dry samples compacted by vibrations and lubricated packings. The greater stiffness of the latter, in spite of their lower density, can hence be attributed to a larger coordination number. Voigt and Reuss bounds bracket bulk modulus B accurately, but simple estimation schemes fail for shear modulus G, especially in poorly coordinated configurations under low P. Tenuous, fragile networks respond differently to changes in load direction, as compared to load intensity. The shear modulus, in poorly coordinated packings, tends to vary proportionally to the degree of force indeterminacy per unit volume. The elastic range extends to small strain intervals, in agreement with experimental observations. The origins of nonelastic response are discussed. We conclude that elastic moduli provide access to mechanically important information about coordination numbers, which escape direct measurement techniques, and indicate further perspectives.Comment: Published in Physical Review E 25 page

Simple Synthesis of a Variety of Nano-structures Using Silicide Alloys with Ga Droplets

A variety of nano-structures, such as nanofibers, nanotubes, nanocapsules, nanoribbons and nanorods, were synthesized using silicide alloys with Ga droplets. It was found that the growth morphology and the structural property of the nanostructures significantly depended on the silicides seed materials. In addition, the amorphous SiO x nanofibers show strong ultraviolet and/or visible light emissions, and the PL spectra of the nanofibers depended on the seed materials. For some of the nanofiber syntheses, the formation of nanoflakes or nanoribbons of β-Ga 2 O 3 occurs, and a variety of growth morphologies for the β-Ga 2 O 3 nanostructures was obtained. The series of morphological and structural images are shown for a variety of nanostructures. The obtained SiO x nanofibers are expected to be materials for use in cheap, abundant and safe luminescent devices for visible light applications

Internal states of model isotropic granular packings. I. Assembling process, geometry and contact networks

This is the first paper of a series of three, reporting on numerical simulation studies of geometric and mechanical properties of static assemblies of spherical beads under an isotropic pressure. Frictionless systems assemble in the unique random close packing (RCP) state in the low pressure limit if the compression process is fast enough, slower processes inducing traces of crystallization, and exhibit specific properties directly related to isostaticity of the force-carrying structure. The different structures of frictional packings assembled by various methods cannot be classified by the sole density. While lubricated systems approach RCP densities and coordination number z^*~=6 on the backbone in the rigid limit, an idealized "vibration" procedure results in equally dense configurations with z^*~=4.5. Near neighbor correlations on various scales are computed and compared to available laboratory data, although z^* values remain experimentally inaccessible. Low coordination packings have many rattlers (more than 10% of the grains carry no force), which should be accounted for on studying position correlations, and a small proportion of harmless "floppy modes" associated with divalent grains. Frictional packings, however slowly assembled under low pressure, retain a finite level of force indeterminacy, except in the limit of infinite friction.Comment: 29 pages. Published in Physical Review

Aceros al molibdeno sinterizados con gradiente funcional

Las propiedades que se solicitan a las piezas y productos exigen, la mayoría de las veces, una combinación de materiales que respondan a requerimientos específicos en función de su posición. La fabricación de materiales compuestos y materiales con gradiente funcional proporciona grandes posibilidades de respuesta a las necesidades demandas, tanto de satisfacción de requerimientos como de reducción de materias primas necesarias. En este sentido, satisfacer las propiedades demandadas, de manera localizada geométricamente, puede suponer un ahorro de materias primas y de los residuos relacionados en su fabricación. En el presente estudio de la sinterización a 1120 ºC de un compacto de dos aceros de diferentes composiciones (un acero con un 0,3 % C y un 2 % de cobre y un acero al molibdeno con un 0,7 % carbono y un 2 % de cobre) ofrece unas posibilidades muy atractivas de eficiencia, al reducir en el interior la composición que se requiere en la superficie de las piezas. Se han caracterizado las propiedades mecánicas de este acero sinterizado con gradiente funcional: densidad, variación dimensional, durezas y resistencia mecánica; ilustradas con el análisis de imagen mediante microscopía óptica y electrónica de barrido

Self‐management for adults with epilepsy: Aggregate Managing Epilepsy Well Network findings on depressive symptoms

ObjectiveTo assess depressive symptom outcomes in a pooled sample of epilepsy self‐management randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from the Managing Epilepsy Well (MEW) Network integrated research database (MEW DB).MethodsFive prospective RCTs involving 453 adults with epilepsy compared self‐management intervention (n = 232) versus treatment as usual or wait‐list control outcomes (n = 221). Depression was assessed with the nine‐item Patient Health Questionnaire. Other variables included age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, income, marital status, seizure frequency, and quality of life. Follow‐up assessments were collapsed into a visit 2 and a visit 3; these were conducted postbaseline.ResultsMean age was 43.5 years (SD = 12.6), nearly two‐thirds were women, and nearly one‐third were African American. Baseline sample characteristics were mostly similar in the self‐management intervention group versus controls. At follow‐up, the self‐management group had a significantly greater reduction in depression compared to controls at visit 2 (P < .0001) and visit 3 (P = .0002). Quality of life also significantly improved in the self‐management group at visit 2 (P = .001) and visit 3 (P = .005).SignificanceAggregate MEW DB analysis of five RCTs found depressive symptom severity and quality of life significantly improved in individuals randomized to self‐management intervention versus controls. Evidence‐based epilepsy self‐management programs should be made more broadly available in neurology practices.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151320/1/epi16322_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151320/2/epi16322.pd

Heteroepitaxial growth of ferromagnetic MnSb(0001) films on Ge/Si(111) virtual substrates

Molecular beam epitaxial growth of ferromagnetic MnSb(0001) has been achieved on high quality, fully relaxed Ge(111)/Si(111) virtual substrates grown by reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition. The epilayers were characterized using reflection high energy electron diffraction, synchrotron hard X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, and magnetometry. The surface reconstructions, magnetic properties, crystalline quality, and strain relaxation behavior of the MnSb films are similar to those of MnSb grown on GaAs(111). In contrast to GaAs substrates, segregation of substrate atoms through the MnSb film does not occur, and alternative polymorphs of MnSb are absent